鈥淚n 1875 I returned from abroad while having been appointed demonstrator of anatomy whilst in Vienna,鈥� writes Francis J. Shepherd, MDCM 1873. 鈥淚 also stirred things up.鈥�
Shepherd revolutionized the teaching of anatomy at 不良研究所 by moving the focus from the lecture hall to the dissection room.
Today, the tradition of 鈥渟tirring things up鈥� and 鈥渓earning by doing鈥� continues at the Faculty via a new generation of trailblazers who have embraced the possibilities presented by technologies such as 3D printing.
Dr. Geoffroy No毛l is a prime example. Like his predecessor, Shepherd, No毛l picked up his anatomical skills in Europe, in his case, at Normale Sup茅rieure in his native France. His initial experience, dissecting a brain with a fellow medical student, sparked an interest in neuroanatomy, a topic he went on to teach as a graduate student at the University of British Columbia.
Since settling in Montreal in 2014 to become director of the Faculty鈥檚 new Division of Anatomical Sciences, he鈥檚 made it his mission to bring more students into the anatomy laboratory. 鈥淲hen I took on the Division, only Medicine and Dentistry were involved in the lab on a regular basis,鈥� he says. He has since opened up the facilities to students from the School of Physical & Occupational Therapy (SPOT) and the Ingram School of Nursing (ISoN). Under this silo-breaking approach, SPOT students teach medical students who, in turn, reinforce what they have learned by teaching it to their peers in Nursing.
鈥淗ealth care professions that have a patient in hand should really know the anatomy in order to safely treat a patient,鈥� he says. 鈥淭he downfall of this is that not all the students have enough time to do all of it. That鈥檚 why you need to have complementary tools.鈥�
By complementary tools, No毛l means 3D-printed models or haptic simulations, virtual models that can be modified, stretched and rotated on a computer, and are responsive to such cues as a hard or soft click of a mouse.
No毛l鈥檚 first forays into 3D printing included brain stems and ventricles. He also created sinus models for the Department of Otolaryngology to use to teach bone drilling, and heart models on which students could practice their ultrasound skills.
His current goal is to have 3D-printed models available for every student to take home. His division is in the process of acquiring a new printer, the Ultimaker 3, which will add to the growing number of printers already available across campus. It is his hope that students will be able to make low-cost models to rent or sell to one another.
At the same time, No毛l is overseeing renovations of the anatomy laboratories in the Strathcona Anatomy Building, a project that will update equipment, open up work spaces and re-invite natural light through the mullioned windows. His efforts have earned the notice of students. The Medicine Class of 2015 awarded him the Osler Outstanding Teacher Award, intended for the teacher with the greatest influence on their future careers.
HAVE BRAIN, COULD TRAVEL, BUT鈥�
A ten-minute walk away from the Strathcona lies the Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning (SCSIL). It was at the Centre, which occupies 31,000 sq.ft. of space on the lower level of the Gal茅ries du Parc mall, that Dr. Ricardo Faingold, Assistant Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Program Director of Pediatric Radiology at the Montreal Children鈥檚 Hospital of the MUHC, first unveiled his creation, a relatively easy-to-make, low-cost baby brain phantom.
A phantom is similar to a 3D-printed model, only made of a softer, transparent gel-like material. In pediatric and radiology training settings, baby brain phantoms are an inexpensive tool used to teach head ultrasound techniques. Head ultrasounds are only possible for infants up to twelve months old. As long as the soft spot, or fontanelle, has not yet closed, ultrasound waves can still pass through.
According to Faingold鈥檚 research, when residents practise performing ultrasound scans on brain phantoms, the quality of the images on their actual scans then improves.
To create one of his brain phantoms, Faingold begins with the MRI of an infant segmented and sliced into images. Based on that, he 3D prints brightly coloured plastic brain models. These models are used to create a silicone mold that is flexible and filled with a polyvinyl alcohol cryogel solution. When the mold is removed, the result is a spongy phantom brain. Kept in a cylindrical plastic container filled with water, the phantom is portable and keeps well in the fridge. The brain is so detailed that ultrasound images capture features of the brain鈥檚 cerebral hemispheres and ventricular system.
Faingold has donated a few of the phantoms that he has created to colleagues in Toronto, Boston and Florida. His main focus now is on using the model for teaching at 不良研究所.
When asked whether he can envision an application for his phantoms in the developing world, Faingold explains that although there is a need for this kind of affordable, accessible tool, there are also many barriers.
As an example, he cites his own experiences at Maputo Central Hospital in Mozambique, teaching staff and residents to perform ultrasounds and other radiology exams. There, he found donated ultrasound equipment left in unopened boxes for lack of assembly know-how鈥攁ll the more disappointing because ultrasounds are inexpensive, making them more useful for diagnostics in places with fewer resources. Faingold taught staff in the hospital鈥檚 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to use ultrasounds to identify life-threatening conditions. 鈥淲ith the premature babies, we have to do these ultrasounds next to them at their bedside,鈥� Faingold says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 very important to train residents well before they go and perform these exams on sick newborn babies.鈥�
Although the brain phantom could contribute to training in places like Mozambique, and is easy to make and store, Faingold now hesitates to travel abroad with it. 鈥淚t鈥檚 okay when you are transporting the phantom by car or by plane domestically,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut when you start crossing borders, it gets more complicated.鈥� The materials鈥攚hat looks like a refrigerated baby brain floating in water鈥攃an arouse suspicion. So, Faingold is developing a digital 鈥減hantom brain,鈥� which can be used to teach, without causing a stir about potential biohazards at customs, or raising questions about why a foreigner might have a brain in his luggage.
鈥淢y goal is to, maybe within six months or a year, create a new sort of technology, what I鈥檓 calling the virtual brain experience,鈥� Faingold says, adding that software is sometimes an easier sell than a physical model when it comes to this kind of training. 鈥淚t鈥檚 easier to be accepted as opposed to a product that you buy and sometimes have to maintain.鈥�
THE SIZE AND FEEL OF AN ARTERY
Increasingly, major steps forward in medicine require collaboration with other disciplines. In 2016, a multidisciplinary team of 不良研究所 researchers led by Dr. Jake Barralet, now Director of Innovation, SCSIL, received $1.6 million from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to develop surgical devices and foster 鈥渋nnovation-oriented鈥� graduate students. The program, Collaborative Research and Training Experience (CREATE), brings together students of surgery, business and engineering to develop technology for health care and industry.
Justine Garcia, a PhD candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, is one of those graduate students. Using an Objet500 Connex3 (Stratasys) printer, Garcia and collaborators seek to 3D print aortic tissue with patient specific properties.
鈥淎t first we chose to use 3D printing because you can create any shape you want. That is quite important because the model that we want to create needs to have the right geometry of our patients,鈥� Garcia says. Surgeons can train for surgery using models created with patient organ dimensions, or using models that mimic bulges caused by aneurysms and calcium deposits along the aortic wall.
鈥淐ompared to other methods, it鈥檚 very easy to do, but when we use 3D printing we are very limited in terms of material,鈥� Garcia says.
No single material available for 3D printing can mimic the tissue of an aorta. Models of the vascular system available for training purposes are unrealistic. They are often made from hard plastics, are oversized, and don鈥檛 represent different properties of diseased tissue. Cadavers donated for medical training are expensive to maintain and limited in availability.
In order to print an object that resembles the size and feel of an artery, Garcia developed a new material with her supervisors, Associate Professor of Surgery Kevin Lachapelle, MDCM鈥�88, PGME鈥�95, Associate Professor Rosaire Mongrain in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Professor Richard Leask in the Department of Chemical Engineering. The new material is composed of the following three parts: rigid fibres, a flexible structure and brittle support.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a tool to reduce the use of cadavers,鈥� Garcia says. 鈥淏ut also it鈥檚 a tool that gives students a chance to train well before going into a real surgery.鈥�
鈥淵ou could take a patient鈥檚 specific anatomy and pathology, print it out, and actually do the procedure beforehand,鈥� says Lachapelle, Interim Director of the SCSIL, where he was also the founding director. 鈥淔or trainees, you could create hundreds of these kinds of encounters. From a surgical perspective, that normally would take years for you to encounter if you are just waiting for those kinds of things to happen on your clinical rotations.鈥�
Garcia鈥檚 PhD involves mechanical testing on aortic tissue and the composite material for 3D printing, and the similarities are promising. Surgeons are now testing the models and offering feedback. Next, researchers will work towards introducing a blood flow to the models, to better simulate the cardiovascular system. Eventually, residents could practice their cutting and suturing on aortic tissue connected to a heart that is pumping blood and enveloped by a ribcage and model chest.
COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES
不良研究所ians have used 3D printers to build an ice sculpture of our University鈥檚 founder, as well as parts for the Mars Rover. 鈥淧rinting is nothing,鈥� No毛l says. 鈥淚t can take between two to six hours.鈥� It is the prep work beforehand that is more demanding. Working with Robert Funnell, BEng鈥�69, MEng鈥�72, PhD鈥�75, Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Otolaryngology, No毛l has created a collection of medical images for 3D printing.
Selecting the right printer for the project is important, he says. Different printers use different types of materials and can achieve different levels of detail. And when it comes to producing body parts with realistic properties, there are fewer materials from which to choose. No毛l uses thermoplastic urethane, for flexibility, or polylactic acid, for the cheapest option.
Can 3D printing and virtual simulations replace the experience of being in an anatomy lab? Not according to No毛l, for whom dissection remains an essential. In the lab, he points out, students are learning many other valuable skills such as professionalism, ability to work in teams, and a respectful approach to death: 鈥淭here is a lot of psychosocial development that is happening with cadaveric material that would not be the case with 3D-printed material.鈥�
On a technical level, 3D printers can鈥檛 replace planes of fascia, the connective tissue that is integral to the relationships between structure.
And no model can replicate the way pathologies, variances and donor history impact the anatomy, No毛l says.
STIRRING THINGS UP, MIXING WORLDS
Simulation technology like Garcia鈥檚 3D-printed aorta is intended to prepare surgeons before they set foot in an operating room, but the research has its roots in real-life situations. For Garcia, embarking on this project meant embracing a world of medical technology, and also entering an operating room for the first time.
She remembers the sounds of cutting bone, but also the cooperation between surgeons and technologists. 鈥淚t鈥檚 beautiful like choreography. When you see all those people, they know what to do, and they do it together.鈥�